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GM02522 Fibroblast

Description:

ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY; A1ATD
PROTEASE INHIBITOR 1; PI

Affected:

Yes

Sex:

Male

Age:

3 MO (At Sampling)

  • Overview
  • Characterizations
  • Phenotypic Data
  • External Links
  • Culture Protocols

Overview

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Repository NIGMS Human Genetic Cell Repository
Subcollection Heritable Diseases
Class Other Disorders of Known Biochemistry
Cell Type Fibroblast
Transformant Untransformed
Race White
Relation to Proband proband
Confirmation Molecular characterization after cell line submission to CCR
Species Homo sapiens
Common Name Human
Remarks Abdominal skin biopsy; serum Pi type is ZZ; both parents are MZ; genotype of fibroblast DNA confirmed by allele specific amplification (distinguished Glu342 from Lys342 as ZZ)

Characterizations

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Passage Frozen 2
 
IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES OF ORIGIN Species of Origin Confirmed by Nucleoside Phosphorylase Isoenzyme Electrophoresis
 
ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN Genotype analysis of fibroblast DNA from this subject with alpha-1antitrypsin deficiency by allele specific amplification that distinguished Glu-342 from Lys-342, performed by Dr. M. Brantly, NIH-NICHHD, Bethesda, MD, showed the subject to be ZZ.
 
Gene PI
Chromosomal Location 14q32.1
Allelic Variant 1 107400.0011; PI Z
Identified Mutation GLU342LYS ON M1A; This is the most frequent allele leading to a high risk of emphysema (and liver disease) in the homozygote; the allele frequency is 0.01-0.02 in U.S. Caucasians (Crystal, 1989). Nukiwa et al. (1986) demonstrated the val213-to-ala substitution (here symbolized M1A) in PI*Z in addition to the disease-producing glu342-to-lys mutation. Using 2 genomic probes extending into the 5-prime and 3-prime flanking regions, respectively, Cox et al. (1985) identified 8 polymorphic restriction sites for the PI gene. Extensive linkage disequilibrium was found with the PI Z allele throughout the probe region, but not with the normal PI M allele. The Z allele occurred mainly with one haplotype, indicating a single, relatively recent origin in Caucasians. This was an individual who lived in northern Europe some 6000 years ago. Since then, the variant has spread through Europe with a frequency gradient extending from north to south: 5% of Scandinavians, 4% of Britains, 1 to 2% of southern Europeans, and 3% of the heterogeneous white population in the United States are MZ heterozygotes. Curiously, there is a reciprocal distribution of the S variant form: 10% in southern Europe to 5% in the north. As a general rule then, 1 in 10 persons of European origin will be heterozygous for either the S or Z variant, i.e., MZ or MS (Carrell, 1986). Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is said to be rare among Japanese. Kawakami et al. (1981) cited 2 studies in which no Pi Z was found among 965 healthy Japanese and 183 Japanese with pulmonary diseases. This is to be compared with a frequency of 1.6% for Pi Z among Norwegians. From study of 60-year-old twins with ZZ alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, one a heavy smoker who developed severe emphysema and the other a lifelong nonsmoker who was asymptomatic with only mild evidence of obstructive pulmonary disease, Kennedy and Brett (1985) demonstrated the importance of the environmental factor. A brother died at age 40 years of emphysema. To study the question of the role of alpha-1-antitrypsin heterozygosity in the etiopathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to obviate the difficulties of precise diagnosis, Klasen et al. (1986) used a well-defined subgroup suffering from so-called 'flaccid lung.' In these persons, there is a loss of elasticity of the lung parenchyma with high compliance. Flaccid lung can be found with a high vital capacity, with spontaneous pneumothorax, in patients with giant bullae, and in all patients with lung emphysema. Klasen et al. (1986) found a relative risk of 12.5 for PI ZZ persons and 1.8 for MZ persons. They concluded that the risk of MZ persons compared to MM persons is almost negligible and that whether the MZ person develops lung disease is probably highly influenced by environmental and perhaps other genetic factors. Clark et al. (1982) reported the cases of 2 brothers with Weber-Christian panniculitis and the alpha-1-antitrypsin Z phenotype. A younger brother had the Z phenotype without Weber-Christian disease. Along with several earlier reported cases, these observations establish a relationship. Hendrick et al. (1988) described 3 patients in whom panniculitis was the presenting manifestation of AAT deficiency. Two were young adults and 1 was a child. The panniculitis in these cases is frequently, although not always, precipitated by trauma. The panniculitis is chronic, relapsing, and widely disseminated with new lesions appearing as old lesions resolve. Dycaico et al. (1988) established transgenic mouse lineages that carried the normal (M) or mutant (Z) alleles of the human AAT gene. All expressed the human protein in liver, cartilage, gut, kidneys, lymphoid macrophages, and thymus. The human M-allele protein was secreted normally into the serum. However, the human Z-allele protein accumulated in several cell types, particularly in hepatocytes, and was found in serum in concentrations 10 times lower than the M-allele protein. Mice in one lineage carrying the Z allele displayed significant runting in the neonatal period and had developed abnormalities in the liver with accumulation of human Z protein in diastase-resistant cytoplasmic globules that stained with periodic acid-Schiff reaction (PAS). Crystallographic analysis of alpha-1-antitrypsin predicts that in the normal protein a negatively charged glu342 is adjacent to a positively charged lys290. Thus, the glu342-to-lys Z mutation causes the loss of a normal salt bridge, resulting in intracellular aggregation of the Z molecule. Brantly et al. (1988) predicted that a second mutation that changed the positively charged lys290 to a negatively charged glu290 would correct the secretion defect. They demonstrated that such was the case: when the second mutation was added to the Z-type cDNA, the resulting gene directed the synthesis and secretion of AAT similar to that directed by the normal AAT cDNA in an in vitro eukaryotic expression system. In general it may be possible to correct human hereditary disease by inserting an additional mutation in the gene. Hejtmancik et al. (1986) compared prenatal diagnosis by RFLP analysis with prenatal diagnosis by oligonucleotide probe analysis. They concluded that although it seems reasonable to use oligonucleotide analysis in families in which no sibs are available for comparison, in all other situations RFLP analysis is preferable because it is as accurate and reliable as oligonucleotide analysis and is technically easier. Abbott et al. (1988) used the PCR for prenatal diagnosis of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency associated with the ZZ genotype. To identify accurately the SZ phenotype at the DNA level, Nukiwa et al. (1986) prepared 19-mer synthetic oligonucleotide probes: 2 to show the M/S difference in exon 3, and 2 to show the M/Z difference in exon 5. Babron et al. (1990) confirmed a previous finding that the presence of the Pi Z allele tends to decrease the recombination rate between the GM (147100) and PI loci. This decrease appeared to be similar in both sexes and not unique in males as previously noted. The results suggested a possible linkage disequilibrium between the Pi Z allele and a large inversion between the GM and PI loci. Fortin et al. (1991) reported a third incidence of systemic vasculitis associated with the ZZ genotype, which took the form of polyarteritis nodosa.
 
Gene PI
Chromosomal Location 14q32.1
Allelic Variant 2 107400.0011; PI Z
Identified Mutation GLU342LYS ON M1A; This is the most frequent allele leading to a high risk of emphysema (and liver disease) in the homozygote; the allele frequency is 0.01-0.02 in U.S. Caucasians (Crystal, 1989). Nukiwa et al. (1986) demonstrated the val213-to-ala substitution (here symbolized M1A) in PI*Z in addition to the disease-producing glu342-to-lys mutation. Using 2 genomic probes extending into the 5-prime and 3-prime flanking regions, respectively, Cox et al. (1985) identified 8 polymorphic restriction sites for the PI gene. Extensive linkage disequilibrium was found with the PI Z allele throughout the probe region, but not with the normal PI M allele. The Z allele occurred mainly with one haplotype, indicating a single, relatively recent origin in Caucasians. This was an individual who lived in northern Europe some 6000 years ago. Since then, the variant has spread through Europe with a frequency gradient extending from north to south: 5% of Scandinavians, 4% of Britains, 1 to 2% of southern Europeans, and 3% of the heterogeneous white population in the United States are MZ heterozygotes. Curiously, there is a reciprocal distribution of the S variant form: 10% in southern Europe to 5% in the north. As a general rule then, 1 in 10 persons of European origin will be heterozygous for either the S or Z variant, i.e., MZ or MS (Carrell, 1986). Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is said to be rare among Japanese. Kawakami et al. (1981) cited 2 studies in which no Pi Z was found among 965 healthy Japanese and 183 Japanese with pulmonary diseases. This is to be compared with a frequency of 1.6% for Pi Z among Norwegians. From study of 60-year-old twins with ZZ alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, one a heavy smoker who developed severe emphysema and the other a lifelong nonsmoker who was asymptomatic with only mild evidence of obstructive pulmonary disease, Kennedy and Brett (1985) demonstrated the importance of the environmental factor. A brother died at age 40 years of emphysema. To study the question of the role of alpha-1-antitrypsin heterozygosity in the etiopathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to obviate the difficulties of precise diagnosis, Klasen et al. (1986) used a well-defined subgroup suffering from so-called 'flaccid lung.' In these persons, there is a loss of elasticity of the lung parenchyma with high compliance. Flaccid lung can be found with a high vital capacity, with spontaneous pneumothorax, in patients with giant bullae, and in all patients with lung emphysema. Klasen et al. (1986) found a relative risk of 12.5 for PI ZZ persons and 1.8 for MZ persons. They concluded that the risk of MZ persons compared to MM persons is almost negligible and that whether the MZ person develops lung disease is probably highly influenced by environmental and perhaps other genetic factors. Clark et al. (1982) reported the cases of 2 brothers with Weber-Christian panniculitis and the alpha-1-antitrypsin Z phenotype. A younger brother had the Z phenotype without Weber-Christian disease. Along with several earlier reported cases, these observations establish a relationship. Hendrick et al. (1988) described 3 patients in whom panniculitis was the presenting manifestation of AAT deficiency. Two were young adults and 1 was a child. The panniculitis in these cases is frequently, although not always, precipitated by trauma. The panniculitis is chronic, relapsing, and widely disseminated with new lesions appearing as old lesions resolve. Dycaico et al. (1988) established transgenic mouse lineages that carried the normal (M) or mutant (Z) alleles of the human AAT gene. All expressed the human protein in liver, cartilage, gut, kidneys, lymphoid macrophages, and thymus. The human M-allele protein was secreted normally into the serum. However, the human Z-allele protein accumulated in several cell types, particularly in hepatocytes, and was found in serum in concentrations 10 times lower than the M-allele protein. Mice in one lineage carrying the Z allele displayed significant runting in the neonatal period and had developed abnormalities in the liver with accumulation of human Z protein in diastase-resistant cytoplasmic globules that stained with periodic acid-Schiff reaction (PAS). Crystallographic analysis of alpha-1-antitrypsin predicts that in the normal protein a negatively charged glu342 is adjacent to a positively charged lys290. Thus, the glu342-to-lys Z mutation causes the loss of a normal salt bridge, resulting in intracellular aggregation of the Z molecule. Brantly et al. (1988) predicted that a second mutation that changed the positively charged lys290 to a negatively charged glu290 would correct the secretion defect. They demonstrated that such was the case: when the second mutation was added to the Z-type cDNA, the resulting gene directed the synthesis and secretion of AAT similar to that directed by the normal AAT cDNA in an in vitro eukaryotic expression system. In general it may be possible to correct human hereditary disease by inserting an additional mutation in the gene. Hejtmancik et al. (1986) compared prenatal diagnosis by RFLP analysis with prenatal diagnosis by oligonucleotide probe analysis. They concluded that although it seems reasonable to use oligonucleotide analysis in families in which no sibs are available for comparison, in all other situations RFLP analysis is preferable because it is as accurate and reliable as oligonucleotide analysis and is technically easier. Abbott et al. (1988) used the PCR for prenatal diagnosis of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency associated with the ZZ genotype. To identify accurately the SZ phenotype at the DNA level, Nukiwa et al. (1986) prepared 19-mer synthetic oligonucleotide probes: 2 to show the M/S difference in exon 3, and 2 to show the M/Z difference in exon 5. Babron et al. (1990) confirmed a previous finding that the presence of the Pi Z allele tends to decrease the recombination rate between the GM (147100) and PI loci. This decrease appeared to be similar in both sexes and not unique in males as previously noted. The results suggested a possible linkage disequilibrium between the Pi Z allele and a large inversion between the GM and PI loci. Fortin et al. (1991) reported a third incidence of systemic vasculitis associated with the ZZ genotype, which took the form of polyarteritis nodosa.

Phenotypic Data

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Remarks Abdominal skin biopsy; serum Pi type is ZZ; both parents are MZ; genotype of fibroblast DNA confirmed by allele specific amplification (distinguished Glu342 from Lys342 as ZZ)

External Links

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dbSNP dbSNP ID: 14504
Gene Cards PI
SERPINA1
Gene Ontology GO:0004867 serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
GO:0005515 protein binding
GO:0005576 extracellular
GO:0006953 acute-phase response
NCBI Gene Gene ID:5265
NCBI GTR 107400 SERPIN PEPTIDASE INHIBITOR, CLADE A, MEMBER 1; SERPINA1
613490 ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY; A1ATD
OMIM 107400 SERPIN PEPTIDASE INHIBITOR, CLADE A, MEMBER 1; SERPINA1
613490 ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY; A1ATD

Culture Protocols

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Passage Frozen 2
Split Ratio 1:3
Temperature 37 C
Percent CO2 5%
Percent O2 AMBIENT
Medium Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium with Earle's salts and non-essential amino acids with 2mM L-glutamine or equivalent
Serum 15% fetal bovine serum Not inactivated
Substrate None specified
Subcultivation Method trypsin-EDTA
Supplement -
Pricing
International/Commercial/For-profit:
$373.00USD
U.S. Academic/Non-profit/Government:
$216.00USD
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